Standard Sister Clade Comparison Fails when Testing Derived Character States

Standard sister clade comparison fails when testing derived character States.

Comparing species richness in sister clades that differ in a character state is one of the ways to study factors influencing diversification. While most of its applications have focussed on traits that increase diversification, some have been used to study the association of a trait with lower species richness, e.g., the occurrence of dioecy in flowering plants. We show here, using simulations ...

When Specification-based Testing Fails

Armando Haeberer made a substantial contribution in translating results from the philosophy of science to software testing. He showed that the limits of the standard methodology of confirming theories, where observations are derived from the theory and hypothesis, are also present in software testing. He strongly criticized Gaudel’s classical approach on test case generation, but also supplied ...

Management of Stage IV Macular Holes: When Standard Surgery Fails

PURPOSE To report the surgical outcomes of reoperation of unclosed macular holes after initial vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling. PROCEDURES Seven eyes of 7 patients were submitted to a second procedure in which five radial retinal incisions were made, as deep as the retinal pigment epithelium, beginning one hole diameter away from its borders and extending centripetally unti...

When Bellman's Principle Fails

We present several examples which show that the well known statements about Markov Decision Processes can fail if the loss function is not bounded.

When Sharing Fails